Optimal hydrogen production in a wind-dominated zero-emission energy system

• Spatiotemporal MILP optimization of an energy system supplying electricity and H 2 . Novel approach to model large wind turbine portfolios using a clustering algorithm. With increasing demand, the share converted back decreases. Cost increases with demand as result expansion cost. Competitive advantage PtH over batteries depends on operation flexibility. The role hydrogen in future systems is widely acknowledged: from fuel for difficult-to-decarbonize applications, feedstock chemicals synthesis, storage high penetration undispatchable renewable electricity. While several literature studies investigate such systems, details how electrolysers technologies optimally behave interact remain open question. this work, we study interplay between (i) generation through solar, (ii) batteries, (iii) via Power-to-H , (iv) commodity demand. We do so by designing cost-optimal zero-emission use Netherlands case mixed integer linear hourly resolution time horizon one year. To account significant wind, also provide elaborate broad turbines. results show that if electrolyzers can operate flexibly, power-to-H -to-power are complementary, latter power peaks former lower outputs. If operating modes limited - artificially or technically competitive preference leads increase utilization increased levels flexibility, highlighting importance capturing feature both technical modeling perspective. When adding amount decreases, hence decreasing its medium.